
Frank L. Sayers (1763–1817)
1. Frank L. Sayers was a poet and scholar who settled in Norwich after a failed career in medicine. Here, he made a lifelong friend in the poet
William Taylor (1765–1836). Sayers showed an early interest in
radical politics. However, in later years, he made a shift to conservatism.
This was paralled by a shift in religious opinion from atheism to a
dogmatic Anglicanism.
2. Upon settling in Norwich, Sayers published Dramatic Sketches
of the Ancient Northern Mythology (1790). This collection,
containing “Moina”, “Starno”, and “The
Descent of Freya”, were published by Joseph Johnson, the
radical bookseller. Dramatic Sketches drew attention
both in England and in Germany, where the blank-verse poems were
translated by Valerius Wilhelm Neubeck (1792–93). In 1792, a
revised English second edition (incorporated in his collected
Poems) was published with several additions (3rd ed. 1803, 4th ed. 1807). It now included two
“monodramas”, a drama with only one speaker, which
Sayers pioneered and which came to enjoy a vogue in the 1790s.
3. Robert Southey befriended and greatly admired Sayers. In the preface to his
epic fantasy
Thalaba, Southey tells us that he was inspired to his
experiment by Sayers’s use of unrhymed, irregular verse and
mythological subject matter in his Dramatic
Sketches. [1]
4. A slim volume of new poetry, Nugae poeticae, was
revealed in 1803. Here, Sayers began flirting with humour and parody.
A volume of essays, Miscellanies, Antiquarian and
Historical (1805), shows that Sayers’s interest in
antiquarian matters had extended to Anglo-Saxon literature, of which
he included extracts in translation.
5.
The Descent of Frea deals with the death of the god
Balder. In this way, it connects with Thomas Gray’s “The
Descent of Odin”. Sayers praises Gray in his preface to Dramatic Sketches of the Ancient Northern
Mythology for making use of “the splendid and sublime
religion of our Northern ancestors” in his poetic composition.
Northern religion was, after all, one of “the superstitions and
mythologieswhich have contributed at different periods to decorate the
poetry of England” (preface, iii). Among writers who took an
interest in Norse mythologies as an inspiration, Balder’s death
was a popular theme. In Denmark, Sayers’s drama had a precursor in
Johannes Ewald’s drama Balders Død
from 1773. [2] Sayers’s friend had
brought home a German translation of this drama, which inspired the
composition of “The Descent of Frea”. [3]
6. According to Norse myth, Balder had been dreaming about his own death.
Therefore, Frigg, his mother, secured an oath from every creature and
object in nature (snakes, metals, diseases, poisons, fire etc.) that
they would not injure Balder. All agreed, except the mistletoe, which Frigg
had thought too small to ask. The trickster Loki was jealous of
Balder. Thus, Loki tricked Balder’s blind twin brother Hod into
throwing a mistletoe dart at Balder, which pierced him through his heart,
leaving the much-beloved god dead. Frigg sought for one brave enough
to face Hel, the mistress of the underworld, and plead for
Balder’s return to the living. The great hero Hermod was chosen. Hel
agreed to release Balder on the condition that everything, dead or
alive, should weep for Balder. But since Loki did not weep, Balder had
to remain in Hel’s underworld until the end of the world.
7. In describing the incident and the gods sending an emissary to Hel, Sayers
takes several poetic liberties. In his version, it is not Heremod, who
is sent to Hel, the goddess of death, to plead for Balder’s
return, but Frea, the goddess of beauty.
8. The poem contains a long passage on the Northern hell brimming with horror
imagery. The Monthly Review thought this was so
well executed that they provided their readers with a 75-lines
citation of it. [4] The well-respected Russian historian N.M.
Karamzin writes in two reviews to the
Moscow Journal of 1792 that Frank Sayers’s
Scandinavian poems presented “a rich imagination [and] natural
simplicity”, and that through Sayers (and the writer Thomas Holcroft):
“English literature rises again”. [5] Later, in a review of
William Drummond’s poem Odin (1818), “The
Descent of Frea” is referred to as “probably the most
beautiful masque in our language”. [6]
***
The Descent of Frea: A Masque in Two Acts
(1790)
INTRODUCTION.
1. The gods of the Northern nations were not, like those of the Greeks,
imagined to be immortal; they were exempted neither from pain nor
death, and even those who escaped these evils during a series of
ages, were at length to be destroyed at the last day, or, as it is
stiled in the Sagas, “the Twilight of the Gods:”
till that time should arrive, they were supposed to dwell in Valhalla,
and to enjoy in a supreme degree those luxuries and pleasures
which the people who worshipped them considered as the most
desirable.
2. Balder, the son of Odin, was highly, celebrated among the gods for his
exquisite beauty and consummate eloquence; his office as a deity
was to guide the horse of day, called Skinfax, in his diurnal
course, and he is therefore properly to be considered as the god of the
sun. The death of Balder was effected by the artifices of Lok, the
most malicious and baneful of the Gothic deities; Lok however
dared not openly to destroy him with his own hand, but for this purpose
he presented a spear of peculiar power to another of the sons of
Odin, Hoder, who with this enchanted weapon unintentionally
pierced his brother to the heart. After this misfortune, the soul of
Balder, in conformity to the tenets of the Gothic religion, was
supposed to descend to the dwelling of Hela, the goddess of the
infernal realms. The grief in heaven on account of the death of Balder
was extreme; Frea, the goddess of beauty, was peculiarly afflicted
by the loss of her lover, and resolved to undertake a journey to
the regions of death, in hopes of obtaining by her entreaties the
release of Balder. This descent of Frea, and the success which
attended it, are the subjects of the following Masque.
PERSONS OF THE MASQUE.
-
Odin
, God of War, and
King of the other Deities.
-
Thor
, God of the
Air.
-
Niord
, God of the
Sea.
-
Surtur
, God of
Fire.
-
Lok
, God of the
Infernal Regions.
-
Balder
, God of the
Sun.
-
Hertha
, Goddess of
Fertility, and wife of Odin.
-
Frea
, Goddess of
Beauty.
-
Hela
, Goddess of
Death.
THE DESCENT OF FREA.
ACT I.
SCENE. The Infernal
Regions.
- BALDER
THOU land of horror! where eternal Frost [7]
| |
Has built his icy throne, and dims the air | |
With ever-hissing fleet; where fallen Night | |
Has spread her dingy veil, and biting blasts | |
Sweep o’er the solid seas and chill my frame; | 5 |
Must Balder ever pour the fruitless moan? | |
Must Balder’s sighs be mock’d by shivering
ghosts, | |
Shrill-shrieking from their caves? Must Balder’s
soul | |
For ever shudder at the death-owl’s song, | |
And shrink aghast from speckled snakes that rear | 10 |
Their venom’d jaws, and horrid hiss around? | |
Bright scenes of bliss! farewell! — ye splendid
domes, | |
For ever echoing with the joyful noise | |
Of revelry and song harmonious; happy feats | |
Of happy gods where from the gold tipt
horn | 15 |
They quaff the scented nectar of the bee, | |
With rapture list’ning to the thrilling
strains | |
That rush on sounding wings from Braga’s harp. | |
No more hall Balder in your shining halls | |
Catch with transported soul the social
joy, | 20 |
And mix exulting with celestial
bands. | |
No, Balder, no; amid the giant-brood | |
Amid the yelling ghosts of murderers | |
Thou dwell’st — no more the cheering light
of heav’n | |
Shall meet these sorrowing eyes; for here no beam | 25 |
O morning bursts with softest lustre round, | |
Nor here ambrosial eve with fragrant hand | |
Scatters her sweets; — no silver-sounding
voice | |
Melodious warbles to my sorrowing soul — | |
The sooty raven fails around my head | 30 |
And harshly chants her hoarsest descant here | |
Thou flaming steed of day! whose golden mane | |
Waves in the air, and pours a flood of light | |
Oft’ have I sprung upon thy shining back | |
To trace the radiant path, then mounted high | 35 |
The blue expanse of heaven and girt with beams | |
Of dazzling glory wing d my course rejoicing | |
Alas! how chang’d! in midnight gloom enwrapt, | |
The lord of Splendor groans in
Hela’s halls, | |
For ever banish’d from the realms of light
— | 40 |
Groves of Valhalla! From whose waving boughs | |
Sweet music, mix’d with Mimer’s soothing
murmur, [8]
| |
For ever floated on the fragrant air; | |
Oft have I wander’d in thy flowery paths, | |
Holding celestial converse; oft I’ve fought | 45 |
Thy stillest shades, and caught with eager ear | |
The melting strains that burst from Braga’s
shell | |
Attun’d to love; and there the beauteous form | |
Of Frea blooming as the orient day | |
Would blushing meet her Balder’s steps
retir’d, | 50 |
Enamour’d gaze upon my godlike limbs, | |
And drink the honied accents of my lips; | |
Then from her beaming eyes the glance of love | |
Quick shot.—Dear scenes of fleeting joy,
farewell! | |
What now avails the form that Frea lov’d? | 55 |
What now avails the eloquence that charm’d | |
The listnening gods?—A
brother’s bloody hand | |
Blasted my bliss, and dash’d me from the
height | |
Of joy to misery!—Ye hated maids! [9]
| |
When first ye ’gan to weave the woof of fate, | 60 |
Ye scatter’d wide around the flowers of
spring; | |
At length the raven croak’d—with joy ye
snatch’d | |
The cords of woe, and dipp’d the cursed web | |
Deep in the pitchy waters of despair.— | |
O thou! who fitt’st upon thy shining throne | 65 |
Array’d in splendor! Odin, Odin! hear | |
The sorrows of a son, and turn thine eye, | |
Moist with paternal grief, from scenes of glory; | |
Pierce thro’ the thickest horrors which surround
me, | |
Extend thy daring arm, and drag thy child | 70 |
From caves of darkness to thy beamy hall.— | |
Father, I ask in vain—it is not thine | |
To break the firm decrees of Fate unchanging; | |
But Balder wretched Balder here must mourn | |
For endless years.—And thou, all-beauteous
goddess, | 75 |
Cast from thy aching heart all fond record | |
Of Balder’s love—What beam of living
light | |
Shoots trembling round? What wafted perfume scents | |
The dusky air? Some pitying god descends | |
To visit these sad scenes.— ’Tis she!
’tis she!— | 80 |
- FREA.
- (Entering.)
Where is the lovely god that Hoder tore | |
From Frea’s fond embrace?—Again I clasp
him, | |
Again my tear-worn eyes behold my Balder, | |
Yes, son of Odin, from the starry realms | |
Of bliss I come to seek thy black abode; | 85 |
Without thee heaven itself is misery, | |
And ail its boasted pleasures deadly woe. | |
On Odin’s winged steed [10] I sped my
course, | |
Nine days his rapid feet unceasing skimm’d | |
A measureless extent of vallies dark; | 90 |
At length the foaming tide of Giall [11] stopp’d him; | |
High o’er its waves a lofty bridge arose | |
On golden pedestals, a steel-clad warrior | |
For ever guards its entrance.—Who art thou, | |
He cried aloud, thus hastening to the halls | 95 |
Of gloomy death? No livid paleness stains | |
The roses of thy cheeks, no deadly dimness | |
Damps the keen lustre of those eyes that beam | |
With living fire; thou art no child of Hela.— | |
Away, I answer’d, ’tis a goddess hastes | 100 |
To Hela’s halls.—I lash’d my
snorting steed— | |
He shook with thund’ring tread the rattling
pile, | |
Nor stopp’d till Hela’s iron gates
oppos’d | |
His winged steps ; then, like a flaming star, | |
He shot aloft in air and bore me swift | 105 |
Above the towering walls.—I tremble still, | |
Tho’ Balder’s arms embrace me.— | |
- BALDER.
- FREA.
Alas! my Balder, had this arm the power | |
To force thee upward from the cave of death, | 110 |
Then would eternal joy reward my toil.— | |
But Hela’s iron chains no hand can break | |
Against her pleasure; and her gloomy soul | |
Joys in the anguish of the tortur’d ghost. | |
- BALDER.
And can that winning form intreat in vain? | 115 |
Can Hela hear unmov’d thy suppliant voice? | |
No, Frea, no—upon thy rosy lips | |
Persuasion fits resistless, charming all | |
To kind compliance.—Haste, accost the goddess.
— | |
- FREA.
Come from thy murky cells, | 120 |
Where midnight darkness dwells, | |
Thou dreadful maid; | |
Come from thy chilly halls.— | |
The weeping Frea calls, | |
And seeks thy saving aid. | 125 |
- HELA.
- (From within.)
Hence, hence, away; | |
No soothing charms | |
From Hela’s arms | |
Shall snatch her prey. | |
- FREA.
By Allfather’s sacred head, [12]
| 130 |
Which bowing shakes the lofty sky, | |
And regions of the dead; | |
By the holy ash which rears | |
Its waving honors high; | |
I charge thee, awful pow’r, | 135 |
To quit thy gloomy bow’r, | |
And yield to Frea’s tears. | |
- HELA.
-
(Entering.)
I come with iron heart, | |
To hear the fruitless prayer; | |
Speak, and swift depart | 140 |
To realms of brighter air. | |
- FREA.
Deep in thy misty caves my Balder lies; | |
Alas! how wither’d by the touch of woe! | |
Dim is the lustre of his fading eyes, | |
And sullen sadness marks his manly brow. | 145 |
Quick thro’ his frame divine chill langours
shoot; | |
The boasted roses of his cheeks are pale; | |
The winning tongue of eloquence is mute, | |
And rending sighs his heaving breast assail. | |
Come gentle Pity clad in snowy vest | 150 |
And speed thy hasty flight to
Hela’s cave; | |
Then smiling hover o’er her melting breast, | |
And sweetly teach her yielding heart to save. | |
And can’st thou, Hela, cast a ruthless look | |
On this fad scene of desolated charms?— | 155 |
Tear the black leaf from Fate’s eternal book, | |
And give the grief-worn Balder to my arms. | |
Together let us climb the burning arch, [13]
| |
Which darts its many-colour’d beams on high; | |
Together let us speed the rapid march, | 160 |
And seek the radiant palace of the sky. | |
Yield, Hela, yield; Valhalla’s mournful towers | |
No longer echo with the jocund sound, | |
No longer gladness gilds the patting hours, | |
But pale-ey’d Sorrow casts her shadows round. | 165 |
Since Balder sunk untimely to the tomb, | |
Dim are the lingering beams of rising day, | |
The pale moon shrouds her silver orb in gloom | |
And sickly nature doffs her bright
array—— | |
- HELA.
Frea, no more, | 170 |
When all the gods of nature lave | |
With briny tears thy Balder’s grave, | |
Then Balder I restore ; | |
Yes, by Allfather’s facred head, | |
When all the gods of nature lave | 175 |
With briny tears thy Balder’s grave, | |
He quits the regions of the dead. | |
Hence, away.— | |
- FREA.
Enough, enough, I mount with speed, | |
And lash my winged steed | 180 |
To realms of day. | |
ACT II.
SCENE, Valhalla.
The Gods assembled in Odin’s
Hall.
- ODIN.
WELCOME, fair Queen of Love, to Odin’s hall. | |
Say, haft thou mov’d the stubborn soul of
Hela, | |
By soft persuasion and resistless sighs, | |
To yield the much-lov’d Balder back to light? | |
- FREA.
Great king of gods and men, the only boon | 5 |
That Hela granted to my sorrowing foul | |
Was this; when all the gods of nature weep | |
The briny tear of grief on Balder’s grave, | |
Then from the horrid caves of night he comes | |
To grace Valhalla’s halls; but golden hope | 10 |
Has not yet fled the woe-worn Frea’s bosom ; | |
Still may my soothing words entice the tear | |
From pitying gods, and match from Hela’s arms | |
Her splendid prey.— | |
(Continues addressing Odin.)
Lord of the hosts of war, | 15 |
In beaming armour bright, | |
Thou driv’st the scythed car | |
Amid the fearful fight— | |
Lord of the starry sky, | |
In dreadful majesty, | 20 |
Thou wield’st the golden spear, | |
And call’st with awful found, | |
Cælestials hear, | |
And throng around | |
Their warrior king.— | 25 |
The pitchy raven floats | |
On glossy wing, | |
Then to Odin hastens nigh, | |
Checks the hoarseness of his notes, | |
And whispers founds of dread futurity; | 30 |
He comes from Schulda’s [14] black
abodes | |
To seek thy piercing look— | |
And Odin reads to listening gods | |
The Fates’ immortal book.— | |
Say, shall no sorrowing parent’s tear | 35 |
Bedew thy Balder’s sable bier ? | |
Wilt thou not weep thy child forlorn, | |
Thy blooming child by Hela torn | |
From halls of bliss | |
To caves of dark despair? | 40 |
Yes, Odin, yes, | |
I mark the gushing drops which stain | |
A father’s cheek, | |
Those gushing drops thy anguish speak, | |
Balder shall live again | 45 |
And cleave the realms of air. | |
- ODIN.
Odin drops the tear, | |
And wets thy Balder’s bier. | |
- FREA.
-
(Addressing Hertha.)
Queen of the fertile earth, | |
Whose all-creative hand | 50 |
First gave the sons of man their birth; | |
Whose sweetly founding voice | |
With soft command, | |
First bade the desert land rejoice; | |
Bade her fruitful bosom pour | 55 |
The shady tree, the painted flower; | |
Bade her people every plain, | |
And fill with life the teeming main ; | |
Whene’er thy stately form appears | |
On mortal more, | 60 |
No war nor battle’s found | |
Is heard the world around; | |
No more the armed soldier rears | |
The tined lance, | |
And nature groans no more.— | 65 |
Before thy silver car | |
The rosy pleasures dance, | |
Balmy perfume scents the air, | |
Nature smiles in rich array, | |
And double glory gilds the day. | 70 |
Say, Hertha, wilt thou drop the tear | |
On youthful Balder’s sable bier? | |
- HERTHA.
Hertha drops the tear, | |
And wets thy Balder’s bier. | |
- FREA
- (Addressing Thor.)
God of the floating air | 75 |
Whose gleamy lightnings tear | |
The pine high waving on the lofty rock | |
Whose thunders shake with dreadful shock | |
The trembling rills | |
Whose sable storm clouds pour | 80 |
The salutary shower | |
And swell the parched hills | |
God of the howling blast | |
Whose rushing tempests haste | |
With sullen roar | 85 |
The forest bows its waving pride, | |
The ocean heaves its swelling tide | |
Loud dashing on the shore | |
God of the iron mace | |
Which tames the giant race | 90 |
Say wilt thou drop the pitying tear | |
On youthful Balder’s fable bier | |
- THOR.
Thor shall drop the pitying tear, | |
And wet thy Balder’s sable bier, | |
- FREA.
-
(Addressing Niord.)
Lord of the boundless deep, | 95 |
Whose glittering waters gently swell | |
And kiss the rocky steep; | |
When thunders howl around | |
And tempests yell, | |
Thy moving plain repeats the direful sound; | 100 |
Thy foamy waves arise, | |
And lash the darken’d skies | |
In dread commotion;— | |
Then by the lightning’s livid glare | |
Thou stalk’st serene thro’ murky air | 105 |
Which veils the raging ocean.— | |
But soon the winged tempests go, | |
Soon the rattling thunders cease, | |
Sun-beams gild the mountain-brow, | |
And Thor in zephyrs whispers peace; | 110 |
Then thou bid’st the roaring main | |
Gently sink to rest again— | |
Smooth its peaceful bosom rose | |
In calm repose, | |
And stillness hover’d on the gales of spring, | 115 |
When Braga touch’d the quivering string | |
On Niord’s shore; | |
On its glassy surface flood | |
The father of the flood, | |
He bade the bard cælestial pour | 120 |
His softest notes— | |
The melting music floats | |
Upon the peaceful wave- | |
Come from thy dewy cave, | |
My father cries, | 125 |
Arise, arise, | |
Let the azure waters late | |
Thy snowy limbs and golden hair; | |
Haste in dazzling beauty bright | |
To charm the tuneful Braga’s fight.— | 130 |
He spake, and Frea rose to realms of air.— | |
Then Niord clasp’d me to his breast | |
And all the parent’s pride confest. | |
Now, will my father’s heart disdain | |
To ease his daughter’s piercing pain? | 135 |
Or wilt thou drop the pitying tear, | |
On youthful Balder’s sable bier? | |
- NIORD.
Niord drops the tear, | |
And wets thy Balder’s bier. | |
- FREA,
-
(Addressing Surtur.)
[15]
King of resistless fire, | 140 |
Whose desolating flames | |
From Hecla’s cliffs aspire, | |
Whose scorching breath, | |
The torch of death, | |
The proudest hero tames; | 145 |
Where’er thy furious course is sped | |
Nature bows her wither’d head— | |
Thy fatal car outstrips the wind, | |
Thy flaming coursers’ nostrils pour | |
The, wide consuming shower— | 150 |
Destruction flies behind; | |
She rears her red right hand | |
And with her fiery besom sweeps the blasted land. | |
Say, Surtur, wilt thou drop the tear | |
On youthful Balder’s sable bier? | 155 |
- SURTUR.
Surtur drops the tear, | |
And wets thy Balder’s bier. | |
- FREA.
-
(Addressing Lok.)
God of the nether world, | |
Whose deadly arrow hurl’d | |
The blooming Balder to the caves of night, | 160 |
O, let not Schulda write | |
His everlasting doom; | |
O, let not Balder’s tomb | |
For ever stand, | |
But match with pitying hand | 165 |
From Hela’s curs’d abode | |
The fallen god; | |
Revive, revive his wither’d charms, | |
And give him back to Frea’s arms. | |
Drop, O Lok, the pitying tear | 170 |
On youthful Balder’s sable bier. | |
- LOK.
Away, away, | |
Lok ne’er will weep— | |
Let Hela keep | |
Her splendid prey. | 175 |
- FREA.
By the ghosts’ eternal moan, | |
By the murderer’s dying groans | |
By the screech-owl’s song of death, | |
By the night-mare’s baneful breath, | |
By the famish’d eagle’s scream, | 180 |
By the meteor’s awful gleam, | |
By the slaughter’d infant’s blood, | |
By the roar of Giall’s flood, | |
By the mandrake’s fatal yell, [16]
| |
By all the horrors of thy hell, | 185 |
I charge thee weep the briny tear | |
On youthful Balder’s sable bier. | |
- LOK.
No—tho’ Valhalla’s towering wall | |
Around these sinewy limbs mould fall, | |
Tho’ Skinfax plunge his flaming head | 190 |
Amid the caverns of the dead, | |
Tho’ Surtur aim his fiery dart | |
And heap his flames around my heart, | |
Tho’ Niord’s foaming main should roar, | |
And dash me lifeless on the shore ; | 195 |
Tho’ Thor should hurl his iron mace | |
And stain with gore this hated face ; | |
Tho’ Odin’s self in wrath should rear | |
His golden spear | |
And shining shield, | 200 |
This stubborn heart shall never yield— | |
Hela shall hold her splendid prey | |
While countless ages roll away. | |
The End
Source: Frank Sayers, Dramatic Sketches of the
Ancient Northern Mythology(London: J. Johnson, 1790),
1–25.
Notes[1]
Robert Southey, Thalaba, the
Destroyer (London: Longman et al., 1814),
viii–ix. BACK [2]
This was translated as The Death of Balder by
George Borrows in 1889. BACK [3] William Taylor, Some Biographical Particulars, in Poetical Works (London: W. Simpkin and R.
Marshall, 1830), xl. BACK [4]
Monthly Review (September 1790):
142–3. BACK [5] Quoted in A. G. Cross,
N. M. Karamazin, A Study of His Literary Career,
1783–1803 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois
University Press, 1971), 47. BACK [6]
Monthly Review (January 1819):
44. BACK [7]
Sayers note: “The kingdom of Hela, or
Death, is described as being in a state of
continual darkness, and oppressed with a
severe and perpetual winter. Noxious animals
inhabited it, together with the ghosts of
perjurers, assassins, and adulterers, and of
all those who died not in battle, or of a violent
death”. BACK [8]
Mimer was a Giant, who
guarded the Well of Wisdom. BACK [9] The
three Norns, the deciders of
destiny. BACK [10]
The name of Odin’s horse was Sleipner,
which was eight-footed. BACK [11]
The infernal river separating earth and the
underworld. BACK [12]
Sayers’s note: “The Goths
acknowledged a Supreme Being, whom they called
Allfader, or Father of all. They did not
suppose him to dwell with the rest of the gods in
Valhalla, but believed him to be a deity of a
superior nature, and of an eternal
existence”. BACK [13]
Sayers’s note: “The Rainbow; called
by the Goths Bifrost, and supposed to burn. It was
accounted the bridge from earth to
heaven”. BACK [14]
Skuld, one of the three Norns. She controls the
future destiny of Gods and men. BACK [15]
Sutr was a Giant. In
the poem Völuspá
of the Poetic Edda, it is said
that, at Ragnarök, Surtr will come from the
south with flames, carrying a bright
sword. BACK [16]
Sayer’s note: “It was formerly
believed that in plucking up the mandrake a scream
issued from the ground which proved
immediately fatal to those who heard
it”. BACK |
|