
Anna Seward (1747–1809)
1. Anna Seward was dubbed “the Swan of Lichfield”. During the
1770s her residence became the centre for a local literary circle of
some renown, including Lichfield physician Erasmus Darwin and, at
times, also Thomas Day and Richard Lovell Edgeworth. She is sometimes seen
to share bluestocking sympathies, but she remained critical of other
such poets, including Anna Barbauld, Hannah More and Charlotte Smith.
She was, however, an admirer of Mary Wollstonecraft’s
controversial Vindication of the Rights of Woman
(1792). She called it a “wonderful book”, but also
qualified her praise with the statement that “the ideas of absolute
equality of the sexes are carried too far”. [1]
2. The original Herva at the Tomb of Argantyr survives as
part of the thirteen-century Hervarar saga ok
Heiðreks (The Saga of Hervor and King Heidrek), which
collects a number of older legends. The saga was first edited in 1672
by the Swedish antiquarian Olaus Verelius (Norse text with Latin
translation). In English, it is alternatively known as “The
Incantation of Hervar” or “The Waking of
Angantyr”. It takes the form of a dialogue over the magic sword
Tyrfing, which is endowed with magical properties. However, its
Dwarfish makers also cursed it, so that it killed every time it was
unsheathed.
3. Hervar, a shield-maiden (a virgin taking up arms) has travelled to the Danish
island of Samsoe to awaken the ghost of her father, Angantyr, in his
tomb. She demands possession of Tyrfing, which she sees as her
ancestral right. The ghost, actually a Norse draugr or
haugbui (an animated corpse) refuses to give
her the sword. However, when Hervar accuses her father of lacking courage,
it becomes too much for him and he reluctantly yields his possession.
Hervar later learns her mistake as the curse leads to the death of her
son (also named Angantyr) at the hands of his brother Heiðrek
(“Hydreck” in Seward’s version).
4. The poem was first translated into English by the Oxford philologist George
Hickes in the first volume of his monumental Thesaurus (1703–5). A version was re-printed in
Dryden’s popular
Miscellany Poems (first added in 1716) and since that
time has become one of the Norse poems most often translated into
English. The popularity of the poem was undoubtedly due to its setting in
a tomb, coinciding with a growing fascination for graveyards, ghosts
and claustrophobic confinement – the regular furniture of
Gothic literature. The poem was also translated by Thomas Percy and in
a dramatically gloomy version by Matthew Lewis. Seward provides what she
herself refers to as a “bold Paraphrase, not a
translation”, which stresses the sentiments and inner turmoil of
the young female warrior who stands up to the authority of her
father.
***
Herva at the Tomb of Argantyr. A Runic Dialogue
(1796)
1. Doctor Hick’s literal prose Translation in his Thesaurus Septentrionalis, of this ancient Norse Poem, is here
given to gratify the reader’s curiosity; also to show that it
is used only as an outline, and that the following Poem is a bold
Paraphrase, not a Translation. The expressions in Dr. Hick’s
prose, have a vulgar familiarity, injurious to the sublimity of the original
conception. [2] A close
translation, in English verse, will be found in a valuable collection of
Runic Odes, by the ingenious and learned Mr. Mathias. [3] After his example,
some slight changes have been made in the names, for their better
accommodation to the verse.
-
Herva.
ARGANTYR, wake! — to thee I call, | |
Hear from thy dark sepulchral hall! | |
‘Mid the forest’s inmost gloom, | |
Thy daughter, circling thrice thy tomb, | |
With mystic rites of thrilling power | 5 |
Disturbs thee at this midnight hour! | |
I, thy Sauferlama’s child, [4]
| |
Of my filial right beguil’d, | |
Now adjure thee to resign. | |
The charmed Sword by birth-right mine! | 10 |
When the Dwarf, on Eyvor’s plain, [5]
| |
Dim glided by thy marriage-train, | |
In jewel’d belt of gorgeous pride; | |
To thy pale and trembling bride, | |
Gave he not, in whisper deep, | 15 |
That dread companion of thy sleep?— | |
Fall’n before its edge thy foes, | |
Idly does it now repose | |
In the dark tomb with thee?—awake! | |
Spells thy sullen slumber break! | 20 |
Now their stern command fulfill!— | |
Warrior, art thou silent still?— | |
Or are my gross senses found | |
Deaf to the low sepulchral sound?— | |
Hervardor,—Hiarvardor,—hear! | 25 |
Hrani
[6] , mid thy slumber
drear! | |
Spirits of a dauntless race, | |
In armour clad, your tombs I trace. | |
Now, with sharp and blood-stain’d spear, | |
Accent shrill, and spell severe, | 30 |
I wake you all from slumber mute, | |
Beneath the dark oak’s twisted root!— | |
Are Andgrym’s hated sons no more | |
That sleeps the Sword, that drank their gore? | |
Living,—why, to Magic Rhyme, | 35 |
Speaks no voice of former time, | |
Low as o’er your tombs I bend | |
To hear th’ expected sounds ascend, | |
Murmuring from your darksome hall, | |
At a virgin’s solemn call?— | 40 |
Hervardor,—Hiarvardor,—hear! | |
Hrani,—mark my spell severe! | |
Henceforth may the semblance cold, | |
That did each warrior’s spirit hold, | |
Parch, as corse unblest, that lies | 45 |
Withering in the sultry skies!— | |
Ghastly may your forms decay, | |
Hence the noisome reptile’s prey, | |
If ye force not, thus adjur’d, | |
My Sire to yield the charmed Sword! | 50 |
-
Argantyr.
Arm’d amid this starless gloom, | |
Thou, whose steps adventurous roam; | |
Thou, that wav’st a magic spear | |
Thrice before our mansions drear, | |
Devoted virgin,—know in time | 55 |
The mischiefs of the Runic Rhyme, | |
Forcing accents, mutter’d deep, | |
From the cold reluctant lip! | |
Me no tender father laid | |
Entomb’d beneath an hallow’d shade; | 60 |
It was no friendly voice that gave | |
The oak, that screen’d a warrior’s grave, | |
Gave it, in malignant tone, | |
To the blasting thunderstone.— | |
Timeless now these bones decay, | 65 |
Pervious to the baleful ray | |
Of the swart star.— ’Mid battle’s yell | |
The charm’d, the fatal weapon fell | |
From my unwary grasp.—A knight | |
Seiz’d the Sword of magic might- | 70 |
Virgin, of thy spells demand | |
His name,—and from his victor hand, | |
Try if thy intrepid zeal | |
May win the all-subduing Steel. | |
-
Herva.
Warrior, thus, with falsehood wild, | 75 |
Seek’st thou to deceive thy child?— | |
Sure as Odin doom’d thy fall, | |
And hides thee in this silent hall, | |
Here sleeps the Sword.—Pale Chief, resign | |
That, which is by birthright mine! | 80 |
Fear’st thou, spirit of my sire, | |
At thy only child’s desire, | |
Glorious heritage to yield, | |
Conquest in the deathful field? | |
-
Argantyr.
Daring Herva, listen yet, | 85 |
Spare thy heart its long regret! | |
Why trembling shrunk thy mother’s frame | |
When the Fatal Present came? | |
Virgin, mark the boding word, | |
Sullen whispered o’er the Sword! | 90 |
It prophesied Argantyr’s foes | |
Should rue its prowess;—yet that woes | |
Greater far his Race should feel, | |
Victims of the Cruel Steel, | |
When, in blood of millions dyed, | 95 |
It arms an ireful fratricide. | |
Maid, no erring accents warn;— | |
Of sons to thee, hereafter born, | |
One thy Chiefs shall Hydreck name, | |
Dark spirited!—but dear to fame | 100 |
Shall blooming Hiaralmo live.— | |
Maid, his doom thy mandates give! | |
Renounce, renounce the dire demand, | |
Or to thy sons, in Hydreck’S
hand, | |
Fatal proves, some future day, | 105 |
The Charmed Sword.—Disturb it not!—away! | |
-
Herva.
Argantyr,—hear thy
daughter’s voice, | |
Spells decree an only choice! | |
Or, in perturbed tomb unblest, | |
The silence of sepulchral rest | 110 |
Shall no more thy sunk eye steep, | |
Close no more thy pallid lip, | |
Or, ere this night’s shadows melt, | |
Mine the Sword, and gorgeous belt. | |
-
Argantyr.
Young maid,—who as of warrior might, | 115 |
Roamest thus to tombs by night, | |
In coat of mail, with voice austere, | |
Waving the corse-awakening Spear | |
O’er thy dead ancestors;—offence, | |
And danger threaten!—hie thee hence! | 120 |
-
Herva.
Obey, obey, or sleep no more! | |
Now my sacred right restore! | |
The Sword, that joys when foes assail, | |
Sword, that scorns the ribbed mail, | |
Scorns the car, in swift career, | 125 |
Scorns the helmet, scorns the spear; | |
Scorns the nerv’d experience’d arm; | |
Argantyr, yield it to my charm! | |
‘Tis not well the victor’s pride, | |
With thee in silent tombs to hide; | 130 |
Thy child, thy only child, demands,— | |
Reach it with thy wither’d hands! | |
-
Argantyr.
The death of Hiaralmo lies | |
Beneath this mouldering arm!—and rise | |
Round its edge, the lurid fires, | 135 |
Hostile to unaw’d desires. | |
Hie thee hence, nor madly dare | |
The death-denouncing grasp;—beware! | |
-
Herva.
Not if thousand fires invade | |
Streaming from its angry blade. | 140 |
Innoxious are the fires that play | |
Round the corse, with meteor ray. | |
And in these waste hours of night | |
Silent death-halls dimly light; | |
Yet, gliding with consuming force, | 145 |
Undaunted would I meet their course. | |
-
Argantyr.
Thou, whose awless voice proclaims | |
Scorn of the sepulchral flames, | |
Lest their force around thee swell, | |
Punishing thy daring spell, | 150 |
And thy mortal form consume, | |
Herva, see!—thy father’s
tomb | |
Opens!—mark, to thee restored, | |
Rising slow, the baneful Sword!— | |
See, it meets thy rash desire | 155 |
Bickering with funereal fire! | |
-
Herva.
Warrior, now dost thou reclaim | |
The lustre of thy former fame; | |
Lo, the Sword, a seeming brand, | |
Blazes in thy daughter’s hand! | 160 |
Nor perishes that hand beneath | |
Vapourous flames, that round it wreathe, | |
Gleam along the midnight air, | |
Illume the forest wide,—and glare | |
On the scath’d Oak!—Sepulchral wood, | 165 |
Thee I quit for fields of blood! | |
Nor would I, on its fateful range, | |
This Sword, with all its meteors, change | |
For the Norweyan sceptre.—Lo, | |
Death, and conquest, wait me now!— | 170 |
-
Argantyr.
Hiaralmo’S future bane, | |
Grasp’d with exultation vain, | |
Fatal, fatal shall be found | |
To thee, and thine, in cureless wound! | |
By that wound ‘tis now decreed | 175 |
Hydrek’S self at length shall
bleed! | |
Herva, less thy long regret | |
Had thy chiefs in combat met | |
Andgrym’S sons, with warlike
zeal, | |
Met them in uncharmed steel. | 180 |
-
Herva.
Sleep, Argantyr,—Chief of
might, | |
Thro’ the long, the dreary night; | |
Nor let strife, and bitter scorn, | |
‘Mid Herva’S offspring, yet
unborn, | |
Disturb thee in the tomb!—and mark, | 185 |
The Spear, that broke thy slumber dark, | |
Round the blasted oak I wave, | |
That ill protects a warrior’s grave! | |
Soon shall its scath’d trunk be seen | |
Cloth’d in shielding bark, and green | 190 |
As before the vengeful time, | |
When, by force of baleful Rhyme, | |
It shrunk amid the forest’s groan, | |
Smote by the red thunder-stone. | |
Thro’ the renovated boughs, | 195 |
Guardians of thy deep repose, | |
Shall the hail no longer pour, | |
The livid dog-star look no more! | |
Spirits of the elder dead, | |
Spell-awak’d from slumber dread, | 200 |
Not to your spears, in martial pride, | |
Resting by each hero’s side, | |
Not to your gore-spotted mail, | |
Steely shroud of warrior pale, | |
Shall, thro’ thousand winters, drain | 205 |
Driving snow, or drenching rain; | |
Nor, while countless summers beam | |
On arid plain, or shrinking stream, | |
Thro’ the widening chink be known | |
Reptile vile of sultry noon, | 210 |
To wind the slimy track abhorr’d I— | |
Fate is mine, since mine the Sword! | |
-
Argantyr.
Herva, thine the source of woes, | |
Direful long to all thy foes, | |
Ere against thy peace it turn, | 215 |
And thou thy bleeding race shalt mourn. | |
When extinct the tomb’s blue fires, | |
Whose light now gleams, and now retires, | |
Quivering o’er its edge, forbear | |
To touch the Venom’d Blade;—beware! | 220 |
Venom, for the blood prepar’d | |
Of twelve brave chiefs, their dread reward. | |
Herva, now thy father’s tomb | |
Slowly closes!—Ne’er presume | |
Again to breathe, in Odin’S
hall, | 225 |
Shrill the corse-disturbing call! | |
-
Herva.
I go,—for these blue fires infest | |
The troubled tomb’s presumptuous guest; | |
As of step profane aware, | |
Round me, more and more they glare.— | 230 |
Hervardor, Hiarvardor,—keep | |
Lasting slumber!—Hrani sleep! | |
And sleep Argantyr!—Chiefs of
might, | |
Quiet be your mornless night! | |
Source: Llangollen Vale, with Other Poems (London: G.
Sael, 1796), 24–38.
Notes[1] Letter to Mr Whalley,
Feb. 26, 1792, printed in Letters of Anna Seward:
Written between the Years 1784 and 1807, vol. 3
(Edinburgh: A. Constable … Co., 1811),
115–17. BACK [2]
In a footnote running over several pages, Seward
transcribed Hickes’s version in order to point out her own
romanticizing departures. Hickes’s original English
version is printed here (without Seward’s transcription
mistakes): -
Hervor.
- —Awake Angantyr, Hervor the only daughter of thee and
Suafu doth awaken thee. Give me out of the tombe, the
hardned sword, which the dwarfs made for Suafurlama. Hervardur,
Hiorvardur, Hrani, and Angantyr, with helmet, and coat of
mail, and a sharp sword, with sheild and accoutrements, and
bloody spear, I wake you all, under the roots of trees.
Are the sons of Andgrym, who delighted in mischief, now become
dust and ashes, can none of Eyvors sons now speak with me
out of the habitations of the dead! Harvardur, Hiorvardur! so
may you all be within your ribs, as a thing that is hanged
up to putrifie among insects, unlesse you deliver me the sword
which the dwarfs made … and the glorious belt.
-
Angantyr.
- —Daughter Hervor, full of spells to raise the dead, why
dost thou call so? wilt thou run on to thy own mischief?
thou art mad, and out of thy senses, who art desperatly resolved
to waken dead men. I was not buried either by father or
other freinds. Two which lived after me got Tirfing, one of
whome is now possessor thereof.
-
Hervor.
- —Thou dost not tell the truth: so let Odin hide thee in
the tombe, as thou hast Tirfing by thee. Art thou
unwilling, Angantyr, to give an inheritance to thy only child?
…
-
Angantyr.
- —Fals woman, thou dost not understand, that thou speakest
foolishly of that, in which thou dost rejoice, for Tirfing
shall, if thou wilt beleive me, maid, destroy all thy
offspring.
-
Hervor.
- —I must go to my seamen, here I have no mind to stay
longer. Little do I care, O Royall friend, what my sons
hereafter quarrell about.
-
Angantyr.
- —Take and keep Hialmars bane, which thou shalt long have
and enjoy, touch but the edges of it, there is poyson in
both of them, it is a most cruell devourer of men.
-
Hervor.
- —I shall keep, and take in hand, the sharp sword which
thou hast let me have: I do not fear, O slain father! what
my sons hereafter may quarrell about …. Dwell all of you
safe in the tombe, I must be gon, and hasten hence, for I seem
to be, in the midst of a place where fire burns round
about me.
Source: George Hickes, Linguarum vett.
septentrionalium thesaurus grammatico-criticus et
archæologicus, vol. 1 (Oxoniæ : e
Theatro Sheldoniano, 1703), 193–5. BACK[3] Thomas James Mathias
(1753/4–1835), satirist and Italian scholar, who published a
version of the poem in Runic Odes: Imitated
from the Norse Tongue in the Manner of Mr. Gray (1781).
Mathias’s decision to alter the names is responsible
for the variant form Argantyr instead of Angantyr etc. BACK [4] Tyrfing. Svafrlami, a
grandson of Odin was its first owner. BACK [5] Eyvor is
Hervar’s mother. BACK [6] Sons of Arngrim
(Seward’s “Andgrym”). Arngrim
(Hervar’s grandfather) was the first in her family
line to gain possession of Tyrfing. He had twelve
sons, but all the brothers had been slain in battle, with
Angantyr as the last to fall. BACK |
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